Semester III
3.4 Electronic Devices & Circuits - I
4.2 Electronic Devices & Circuits-II
4.4 Electromagnetic Fields & Waves
4.5 Linear Integrated Circuits
Third Year
5.1 Probability Theory And Random Process
5.2 Control System Engineering
5.3 Transmission Lines And Waveguides
5.6 Computer Organization And Design
6.3 Electronic Instrumentation
6.5 Antenna And Wave Propagation
Fourth Year
7.1 Peripheral Devices and Interfacing
7.2 Microwave and Radar Engineering
7.3 Optical Fiber Communication
7.4.1 Elective-I (Operating Systems)
7.4.2 Elective-I (VLSI Technology and Design - I)
7.5.1 Elective-II (Mobile Communication Systems)
7.5.2 Elective-II (Artificial Neural Networks)
8.1 Satellite & Television Engineering
8.2.1 Elective-III (Data Communication)
8.2.2 Elective-III (Consumer Electronics)
8.2.3 Elective-III (Optical Computing)
8.3.1 Elective-IV (E-Commerce)
8.3.2 Elective-IV (Embedded Systems)
8.3.3 Elective-IV (Telecommunications Transmission System)
8.3.4 Elective-IV (Digital Image Processing)
Matrices: types of matrices, determinants, adjoin, inverse of matrix, elementary transformation, elementary matrices, rank of matrix, reduction to normal form,, canonical form. Rank using elementary transformation, linear independence and dependence, system of the form AX=0 and AX=B, and their solutions, Eigen values, Eigen vectors with properties, Cay lay Hamilton theorem with its applications
Fourier series: Periodic functions, Trignometric series, Euler’s formulas, Dirichlets condition, even and odd functions, half range series, Paseralis identity
Fourier transforms: Fourier transform, inverse Fourier transform applications
Laplace transforms: Definition, Existence condition, properties, inverse Laplace transforms. Laplace transforms of periodic functions, convolution theorem, Laplace transform of Dirac-Delta function, Application of Laplace transform in storing linear differential. Equation with initial condition, system of Linear simultaneous differential equations.
Z-transforms, properties, convolution and applications to differential equations wave equations: Derivation and solution of one-dimensional wave equation using separation of variable method. Heat equation, its derivation, and solution using separation of variable method.
TEXT BOOKS AND REFERENCES:
MODULE 1
§ Principles of electromechanical energy conversion
§ DC Motor: principle, voltage equation, torque-equations, motor characteristics, speed control, starting
MODULE 2
MODULE 3
Shunts and multipliers for PMMC type instruments and extension of range,
MODULE 4
TEXT BOOKS :
REFERENCE BOOKS:
1. Electrical Power : J.B. Gupta
2. A First Course on Electrical Drives: S.K. Pillai
(a) Network classification: Distributed and lumped, passive and active, time variable and time invariant, symmetrical and asymmetrical networks
Network analysis: Mesh and nodal analysis; super-node and super-mesh analysis; t-Pi and Pi-T conversions
(b) Network theorems: Review of Thevenins, Nortons, Millman, Compensation, Reciprocity and Tellgen’s Theorems
(a) Graph theory: Basic definitions, matrices associated with networks graphs: Incidence, Cutset, Tieset Matrices and Duality. Application to Mesh & Nodal Analysis.
(b) Time-Domain Analysis: Network equations in time-domain, first and second-order circuits, internal conditions, analysis of transient and steady state response to step, ramp, impulse and sinusoidal inputs. Application of Laplace Transform to analysis of networks for different inputs (impulse, step, ramp and sinusoidal)
(a) Resonance: Series and parallel resonance, Band Width, selectivity and Q-factor of response circuits.
(b) Two port networks: Characteristics in terms of Z, Y, H and ABCD parameters, Equivalent circuits, inter-relationship between the two port parameters; Input, output and image impedance of two ports.
Multi-terminal Networks: Multi-terminal networks, indefinite Admittance Matrix
(a) Attenuators and filters: Symmetrical and unsymmetrical, balanced and unbalanced attenuators; analysis and design of T, Pi, Lattice and Bridged-T attenuator, Types of filters, classification of pass-band and stop-band, design and analysis of constant K and m-derived filters; Butterworth and Chebyshev approximations.
(b) Elements of network synthesis: Positive-real functions, Reactance functions, RL and RC functions
TEXT BOOKS:
ETC 3.4: ELECTRONIC DEVICES & CIRCUITS-I
(a) Review of half wave and full wave rectifiers, L, C, LC, RLC and multiple LC filters, ripple factor, dc voltage. Design of all types of filters. Zener breakdown, Zener regulation for change in input voltage and output load, design of Zener regulators.
(b) Transistor as amplifier, CB, CE, CC configuration, types of biasing of transistor (fixed, emitter, collector bias with and without bypassed emitter resistor, voltage divider bias), stability factor and methods of improvement in all types of biasing, hybrid parameters and re model for all biasing, design of biasing circuits.
(a) Field effect transistors, Graphical analysis for finding all FET parameters CG, CS, configurations, various biasing techniques, expressions for Ai, Av, Ap, Zi, Zo for all configurations and biasing
(b) MOSFET, characteristics and method of construction, operation of depletion mode and enhancement mode of MOSFET, Graphical analysis for Q-Point Applications, Dual gate MOSFET and Its applications in AGC amplifier, Field Effect diode, handling of MOS Devices, precautions
(a) Multistage amplifiers and methods of coupling (RC, transformer, direct), Differential amplifier, tuned amplifier, frequency response.
(b) Large signal amplifier, Class A, B, AB, push pull circuits, power gain and efficiency calculations, complementary symmetry circuit, Class C operation of amplifier
(a) Conduction mechanism in semiconductors, carrier density and conductivity of intrinsic semiconductor, hall Effect, Drift and Diffusion currents, compound semiconductors, single crystal growth, Epitaxy and CVD techniques of semiconductor processing, oxidation and electron beam processing, Ion implementation
(b) Principles of fabrication of integrated circuit components (resistors, capacitors, diodes, BJT, FET on wafers, Hybrid IC’s
TEXT BOOKS:
Number Systems and codes: Decimal, Binary, Hexadecimal, and Octal number systems; Inter conversions, compliments; Addition and Subtraction using 1’s and 2’s complements; Binary Codes, Gray Code, Excess-3 Code.
Boolean Algebra: Basic Boolean functions, Postulates and theorems of Boolean Algebra, Sum-of-Products and Product-of-Sums forms of Boolean functions; Canonical and Standard forms.· Simplification of Boolean Functions, Plotting of K-Maps, POS and SOP Simplification, NAND and NOR implementation; Plotting and Reading of a K-Map using VEM Process.
Combinational Logic: Design procedure for combinational logic circuits; design and analysis of Half Adder, Full Adder; their use in designing other combinational logic circuits; Analysis & Design of Encoders and Decoders; Multiplexer and demultiplexers; their use in designing combinational circuits.
Memory Elements: SR, JK, T, D Flip-flops and Latches, their schematic symbols, Truth table and Excitation Table; Triggering methods if Flip-flops.
Sequential Circuits: Design procedure for sequential circuits using state diagrams, State Tables; State assignments and State minimization methods; Circuit implementation.
Design and analysis of Counters, Single mode and Multi-mode Synchronous Counters; Modulo Counters, Asynchronous, Ripple and Ring Counters; Application of Counters.
Logic Circuits: Positive and Negative logic RTL, DCTL, DTL, HTL, TTL, ECL and IIL gates. MOS gates. Comparison of logic gates
Memory Organisation: memory Hierarchy, Main Memory [RAM & ROM], Associative memory [only definition], Cache memory [Associative, Direct & Set-Associative Mapping], Virtual Memory [only definition]
REFERENCE BOOKS:
Errors and Approximations: introduction, sources of errors, problems in computations, safeguards against errors, floating point arithmetic, absolute error, relative error, percentage error- calculations.
Inter-polation: Newton’s interpolation formula, LaGrange’s Interpolation, Newton’s Dividend difference, interpolation formula
Solution of transcendendental and polynomial equations in one variable: Newton Raphson method, Regula Falsi method, Successive bisection, Secant method, etc.
Solution of linear equations: Gauss’s Elimination, pivoting, computation of matrix inverse using Gauss Elimination, Gauss Jordan methods.
Iterative Algorithms – Jacobi, Gauss Seidal methods, Eigen values and Eigen vectors
Numerical Integration: Trapezoidal rule & Simpson’s rule, Romberg’s formula
Numerical Differentiation: Newton’s forward and backward difference formulae.
Solutions of ordinary differential equation, Euler’s methods, Runge Kutta methods, Predictor Corrector method
TEXTBOOKS:
REFERENCE BOOKS:
Bessel and Legendre’s equations and their solutions. Bessel’s functions of first kind and second kind. Recurrence relations for Bessel functions of the first kind and applications. Orthogonality for Bessels functions and Bessel Fourier series. Generating functions for Bessels functions. Relation between Laplace equation and Bessel’s equation
Series solution for Legendre’s equation and Legendre’s polynomials. Recurrence relations for Legendre’s polynomials and their applications. Generating functions for Legendre’s polynomial and orthogonality for Legendre’s polynomials.
Legendre’s Fourier Series expansions. Relation between Laplace equation and L equation
Complex Integrations, Cauchys Integral theorem and its applications. Integral formula for simply and multiply connected domains and its applications. Taylors and Laurents Series and their applications. Singular points, Poles and Residues. Maximum modules theorem and its applications. Liouvilles theorem with applications
Residue Theorem and applications. Contour Integration. Boundary Value, Problems, Derivation of the Differential equation and the solution for the vibrating membrane, both rectangular and circular.
REFERENCE BOOKS:
Types of waveform, characteristics of pulse waveform, comparison of ideal and practical pulse waveform, Harmonic contents of waveforms. Steady-state response of RC differentiating and integrating circuits to square wave, their steady-state equations, Loading effect.
BJT as switch, switching time, effect of junction and diffusion capacitance on switching time, JFET, MOSFET and CMOS as switches, Analysis and design of basic monostable, astable and bistable multivibrators and Schmitt trigger.
Principle of negative feedback in electronic circuits, voltage series, voltage shunt, current series, current shunt types of negative feedback, typical transistor circuits, Effects of negative feedback on input and output impedance, voltage and current gains, Bandwidth, Noise and distortion
Principle of positive feedback, concept of stability in electronics circuits, Barkhausen criterion for oscillations, various types of oscillators (RC, Clapps, Wein bridge, Colpitt, Hartley, Tuned LC), Crystal Oscillators
Semiconductor sensors, Thermistors, Strain gauge, Power electronic devices, SCR, UJT, Diac, SUS, SBS, C-SCR, IGBT, MCT, GTO, SCS power transistors (BJT, MOSFET), principles of operation and applications
Stimulation emissions, Ruby lasers, other laser systems like earth systems and gas lasers, semiconductor lasers, Population inversion at a junction, Emission spectrum for PN junction lasers, basic semiconductor laser, Hetero-junction laser, materials for semiconductors materials.
Opto-electronic devices, Photoconductors, photodiodes, photo-transistors, photovoltaic cells, photo couplers, LDR’s, Semiconductors lasers, LED’s, LCD’s
BOOKS RECOMMENDED:
Types of signals, time domain and frequency domain representation of signals, signal transmission through linear systems, filter characteristics of linear system, Distortion less transmission line, Ideal filter, Relation between Bandwidth and rise time, Paley Wiener criteria of physical realization, Energy and power Density spectrum and their interpretation.
Principles of AM, Frequency spectrum of AM wave, AM power and current relationship, modulation by multiple sine waves, generation of AM using solid state circuit. (Base-injected, emitter-injected and collector-injected)
DSB-SC and SSB Techniques, Methods of generation and detection of DSB-SC signals-square law modulator, Switching modulator, Ring Modulator, Balance modulator, Coherent detection of DSB-SC, COSTAS receiver, Squaring loop detection, comparison of various methods.
Methods of generation and detection of SSB (Selective filtering, phase discrimination & third method), Coherent detection of SSB. Comparison of various methods. Effect of frequency and phase errors in synchronous detection, ISB, VSB, FDM.
Principles of FM and PM, Mathematical representation, Spectrum, Narrowband and wideband FM, Multiple frequency modulation, power contents of carrier and sideband, Effects of noise in FM, Direct modulation using FET, Armstrong method of generation, Frequency Multipliers, Slope Detector, Foster-Seelay discriminator, Radio detector.
AM and FM transmitter, TRF receivers, super heterodyne receivers, solidstate circuits for RF-amplifiers, Mixer, IF amplifier, AGC, AFC, Amplitude limiter, Pre-emphasis, De-emphasis, Audio muting, stereophonic FM.
Noise, various noise sources, Noise calculations for – single noise sources, multiple noise sources, cascade and cascode amplifiers. Noise figure and its measurement, Noise temperature, Equivalent input noise resistance, noise Bandwidth, noise measurement on line and channel.
Band – pass noise representation, noise figure calculation for various modulation systems (DSB-AM, DSB-SC, SSB and FM), Effects of transmitter noise.
BOOKS RECOMMENDED:
Vector analysis, vector relations in Cartesian, cylindrical and spherical co-ordinate systems.
Integral theorems: Green’s theorem, Divergence theorem, Stoke’s theorem
Electrostatics: Coulomb’s law, electric field strength, electric displacement & displacement density, Gauss’s Law & Divergence theorem(application of Gauss’s Law), Potential function, field due to a continuous distribution of charges, Equipotential surfaces.
Electrostatics: Poisson’s & Laplace’s equation, Capacitance and electrostatic energy.
Steady Magnetic Fields: Faraday’s Law, Magnetic Flux density, Magnetic Field strength, Magnet motive force, Ampere’s circuital law, Energy stored in a magnetic field, Ampere’s law for a current element, Ampere’s Force Law & Magnetic Vector potential.
Maxwell’s Equations: Continuity equation for time varying fields, Displacement current density, Generalized Ampere’s Law, Maxwell’s equations, conditions at the boundary surface3 between the media.
Electromagnetic waves: Electromagnetic waves in a homogenous medium, solution of Maxwell’s equations for free space conditions, wave equation,
Uniform plane wave propagation, characteristics impedance of a medium, wave equations for a conducting medium.
Electromagnetic waves: Sinusoidal electric & magnetic fields, traveling waves & standing waves (TE, TM, TEM), propagation constant of a medium, wave propagation in conductors & dielectrics, polarization of a uniform plane wave, reflection and refraction of plane wave at the boundary between two media, surface impedance of a conducting medium.
Pointing Vector & power flow: Poynting’s theorem, Power loss in plane conductor.
REFERENCE BOOKS:
Op-amp introduction: Op-amp parameters, definitions, measurements, offset compensation; functional block diagram and working; Specifications of IC741; Equivalent circuit of op-amp and transfer curve. Frequency response and method of frequency compensation.
Applications of operational Amplifiers (Linear amplifiers and filters): Inverting and non-inverting amplifiers, summing amplifiers, Differentiator, Integrator; Subtractor, Instrumentation amplifier, Voltage follower,V-I and I-V Converter, Precision Rectifier, Log and Antilog amplifier, Active filters such as Low Pass, High Pass, Band Pass, Notch, Butterworth (design)
Oscillators, Comparators: Comparators, Zero crossing detectors, Schmitt trigger, Monostable and astable multivibrators; Ramp generator, Wein bridge oscillator, phase shift oscillators, Sample and hold circuit
Voltage Regulators: Specifications, functional block diagrams and applications of IC723, as high and low voltage regulators Three terminal regulators IC78XX series, 79XX series, LM 309, LM317, voltage regulator4, dual tracking regulator.
Principle and working of switching mode regulators, applications of switching regulator IC78540
ADC & DAC: A/D and D/A conversion principles, Successive approximation, Binary weighted resistor and R-2R resistor ladder. Specifications, functional block diagrams, applications of 0809 &0808
Phase-Locked Loop (PLL): Basic principle of Phase-locked loop and diagram, transfer characteristics of PLL, Lock Range, Capture range; Applications of PLL frequency multiplier, AM Demodulation, FM demodulation.
Study of PLL IC 565 and its applications. Design
IC 555: Functional block diagram and specifications as Monostable, Astable, VCO, Missing pulse detector, design, PWM, frequency divider.
Waveform Generating ICs: Study of IC NE 566, IC 8038 and IC XR 2206 and their applications in waveform generations.
1. Botkar, K.R. Integrated Circuits, Khanna Publications.
2. Ramakant Gayakwad, Op-amp and Linear Integrated Circuits, Prentice Hall of India Pvt. Ltd.
3. Millman & Halkias, Integrated Electronics: Analog and Digital Circuits and Sytems, Mc-Graw Hill Publications.
4. Sergio Franco, Design with Operational amplifiers and analog integrated circuits, McGraw Hill
Introduction and general concepts :Demand and supply – Demand curve, Equilibrium, Aggregate Supply and Demand.
National Income terms-GDP, Real v/s Nominal GDP, Net Domestic Product, GNP, National Income, Per capita income, Disposable Income, Price Index, Inflation
Exchange Rates – Pure, flexible, Terminology for Exchange rate changes, Forex market,
Exchange rate systems.
Individual, firm and Market Demand and Supply, Price, Income and Cross Elasticity
Applications of Elasticity, Estimation/forecasting of Demand.
Pricing – of multiple Products, Price Discrimination, Cost plus pricing, Market driven pricing decisions
Costing And Financial Analysis: Break even Analysis, Basic Concepts-Contribution Cost, Break-even Volume, break-even revenue. Preparation of Income statement, Balance sheet, fund Flow statement, Understanding and analyzing them using financial ratios. Ratio Analysis Liquidity, Leverage and Profitability ratios
Working Capital Management-Determinants of working capital, Financing of working Capital, Dangers of Excessive and shortage of working Capital. Inviting investment proposals, Selection of project proposals.
Capital Rationing, different Methods of Evaluation of Project-Payback Period Accounting rate of return. Discounted cash Flow Methods – Net Present Value, Internal
Rate of return, Profitability Index, Sources of funds for Business-Share capital, Debentures, Loans
General Principles Of Management: Different schools of Management, effectiveness, efficiency, Productivity, functions of Managers, Planning, Types of plans.
Nature of Objectives, MBO, Merits and Demerits of MBO.Organisation, Purpose, Span of management, Departmentation, Structure of Organisation, O. D. Process, Organisational culture, values. Matrix Organisation, Unity of command, SBU, line and staff function, Decentralization, Advantages, Limitations, Marketing Mix, Advertisement, Sale Promotion, Sales Management and Training, Market
Research –Tools, Methods, Analysis
Managing People: Motivation, Theories of Motivation, Maslow’s Theory of Needs, Herzberg’s Theory, Vroom’s expectancy theory, Managing Creative Staff. Leadership, leadership styles and behaviors.
Human Resource Management, Staffing, Skills needed by Mangers, Recruitment and Selection, Appraisal Methods, Nature of Communication, Basic communication Process, Barriers in Communication, Guidelines for improved communication, Informal and formal communication, Principles of Effective communication, controlling, steps in Basic control process, Importance of Standards.
REFERENCE BOOKS:
1. Samuelson P.A., Economics, McGraw – Hill, 1998
2. Koontz, Harold and Weihrich Heinz, Essentials of Management, Tata McGraw Hill, New Delhi, 1998
3. Stoner, James, Freeman, Edward R. and Gilbert, Daniel R., Management, Prentice Hall, New Delhi, 1999
4. Hicks, Phillip E., Industrial Engineering and Management, McGraw Hill, New York,2994
5. Peterson, Lewis, Managerial Economics, Prentice-Hall
6. Nellis, Parker, Essence of Business Economics
7. Riggs, Bedworth, Randhawa, engineering Economics, Tata McGraw Hill.
8. Sepulveda, Schaum’s Outlines.
9. Homgren, Datar, foster, Cost Accounting, Prentice – Hall.
Measure of central tendency, measures of dispersion, moments, skewness and kurtosis. Correlation and Regression: Regression lines, linear correlation co-efficient and its properties. Axiomatic and empirical approach to probability, addition and multiplication theorems, conditional probability and Baye’s theorem. Random variables: Both discrete as well as continuous probability distribution, density function, expectation, variance and moment generating function.
Two dimensional random variables: Discrete and continuous –joint probability distribution, joint density function, marginal distributions and density functions, conditional distributions and density functions, expectation and variance, statistical independence and sum of independent random variables.
Discrete distributions: Binomial, Poisson, Geometric-expectation, variance, moment generating function and moments about the mean as well as the origin.
Continuous distributions: Normal (Gaussian)- Exponential, uniform –expectation, variance, moment generating function and moments about the mean as well as the origin.
Testing of Hypothesis: Type I and Type II errors, Large sample theory, tests involving normal distribution; small sample theory, student’s distribution, Chi-Square distribution, F-distribution and tests involving these distributions.
Testing for goodness of fit and test for independence, using chi-square distribution.
Analysis of Variance-One factor and two factor experiments.
Stochastic Processes: States, state –space, auto-correlation and auto-covariance functions; associated correlation coefficient, cross –correlation and cross-covariance functions; associated correlation co-efficient, strict sense stationarity, statistical independence, second order processes and wide sense stationarity. Discrete time Markov chains, Poisson processes. Queuing theory: M/m/n queues with the number of servers n being finite.
BOOKS RECOMMENDED:
Probability and Statistics in Engineering and Management Science by William W. Hines and Douglas C. Montgomery.
Queuing Systems vols I and II by L. Kleinrock
Stochastic Processes by J.Medhi
Probability, Random variables and Stochastic Processes by Athanasios Papoulis.
Probability, Random variables and Random Signal Principles by Peyton Z. Peebles, Jr.
Statistics by Murray R. Spiegel and Harry J. Stephens- Schaum’s outlines.
Probability and Statistics with Reliability, Queuing and Computer Science Applications by Kishor S. Trivedi
Introduction to control systems; types of control systems, basic concept of open-loop and closed-loop control systems; mathematical modeling and representation of mechanical (translational & rotational) and electrical systems; Conversion of mechanical to analogous electrical systems (force-voltage and force-current analogy); block diagrams, signal flow graphs and transfer functions.
Transient response of first and second order systems; performances criteria , sensitivity, accuracy and performance indices; Type -0, -1 and –2. control systems; Steady state error and error co-efficient; Stability concept, Routh-Hurwitz criteria; root-locus techniques.
Frequency-domain analysis, polar-plots, Bode-plots and Nyquist-plots; Relative stability using Nyquist-plot, phase- and gain-margin. Constant-M and constant-N circles; Nichol’s chart.
Design of basic compensators, Cascade compensation in time and frequency domain;
Lead, Lag and Lead-Lag compensation design in time and frequency domain
TEXT BOOKS:
Control Systems-Principles and Design - M. Gopal, Tata Mc Graw Hill
Control Systems Engineering,– I.J. Nagrath and M. Gopal, The New Age International (P) Ltd., New Delhi
Automatic Control Systems, - B.C.Kuo ,PHI
REFERENCE BOOKS:
Modern Control Engineering, -K.Ogala, PHI
Control Systems, -A.Nagoor Kani, RBA Publications, Chennai
Transmission-line theory: Analysis of a uniform transmission-line made up of a cascade of incremental sections; line constants; characteristic impedance and propagation constant; The general solution; Input impedance; Infinite line and its equivalence to a matched line; Plots of voltage- and current –phasors along a line; Wavelength and velocity of propagation; Expressions for the attenuation constant α and the phase constant β in terms of line constants.
Waveform distortion; The distortionless lines; the telephone cable; Inductance loading.
Reflection on an unmatched line; voltage- and current- phasors; Energy view point of Reflection; Reflection coefficient: Input and transfer impedance of a line; Open- and short-circuit lines.
Transmission-lines at High Frequencies: (i) Lines of zero Dissipation (Loss-less Lines):Line constants; voltage- and current- distributions on a Loss-less line for various terminations; Current- and voltage-phasors on the line; standing wave, Standing Wave Ratio (SWR); Directional coupler.
Input impedance for various terminations; Power and impedance measurements on the line; Reflection losses.
The light wave, Quarter-wave and Half-Wave lines, Impedance matching; Single-stub matching on line; The Smith-circle diagram and its applications; Single-stub matching with Smith chart; Double-stub impedance matching.
(ii) Lines of small Dissipation: Line constants; characteristic impedance, propagation constant; voltages and currents on the line; Input impedances of open- and short-circuited lines; Quarter and half-wave lines; Tapped quarter-wave lines and their applications.
Guided Waves: Waves between parallel planes; TE and TM waves; Characteristics of TE and TM waves; TEM waves; velocities of propagation.
Waveguides: Rectangular guides: TM waves, TE waves; Impossibility of TEM waves in Waveguides; Methods of excitation.
Circular guides: TM and TE waves. Wave impedances and characteristic impedance; Transmission line analogy; Waveguide discontinuities.
TEXT BOOKS:
Networks, Lines and Fields, J.D. Ryder, PHI Pvt. Ltd., 1997
Electromagnetic Waves Radiating Systems, E.C. Jordan and K.G. Balmain, PHI, New Delhi, 1979.
REFERENCES:
Electronics and Radio Engineering, F.E. Terman, Mc Graw Hill Book Co., 1955.
Fields and Waves in communication circuits, Ramo & Whinnery, John , Wiley & Son, Tokyo, 1965.
Sampling theorem, Mathematical and graphical proof of sampling and reconstruction using Impulse train; Sampling and reconstruction using pulse train; Basic principles of PAM, PWM and PPM, their generation and detection.
TDM, comparison of TDM with FDM; Typical multiplexed systems; Signal –to-noise ratio calculations for PAM, PWM and PPM and their comparisons.
Pulse code modulation, generation and detection of PCM, quantization, companding, differential PCM; Delta modulation, Adaptive delta modulation; Signal-to-Noise Ratio calculations of PCM, DM and TDM-PCM, their comparisons.
Fundamentals of Binary ASK, PSK and FSK, generation and detection of BASK, BPSK and BFSK; Fundamentals of QPSK and DPSK, generation and detection of QPSK and DPSK, generation and detection of QPSK and DPSK, M-Ary PSK signaling schemes, equalization principles; Baseband data transmissions.
Information; Marginal, conditional and joint Entropies; Channel capacity, efficiency; Discrete communication channels; Shannon’s limit, continuous communication channels, Channel with finite memory.
General principles of coding, necessary and sufficient condition for noiseless coding, Shannon’s noiseless coding theorem, Coding efficiency, Shannon-Eano and Huffman coding; Error control, Hamming codes, Linear block codes, Cyclic Redundancy codes, Majority logic coding and decoding; Two dimensional coding, Algebraic coding, Trellis diagram.
Simple telephone communication, Simplex, half-duplex and full-duplex telephone circuits, Side tones, relays, bridges, Local battery exchange, Central battery exchange, signaling tones, Facsimile.
Principles of common control, Touch tone dial telephone, Dual-tone-multi-frequency signaling, stored program control, Centralized and distributed SPC, Single stage and multistage networks, Time division space switching, Time division space switching, Time multiplexed space switching, Time multiplexed time switching, Network traffic, Grade of service and blocking problem.
BOOKS RECOMMENDED:
Principles of Communication Systems –Taub and Shilling, Tata Mc Graw Hill.
Principles of Communication Systems-B.P. Lathi, PHI l publication.
Principles of Digital Communication Systems, B.P. Lathi, PHI International publications.
Communication Systems – Bruce Carlson, Tata Mc Graw Hill
Digital and Analog Communication Systems, K. Sam Shanmugham, Wiley Eastern.
Principles of Digital Communications, Das, Mullic and Chattergy, Wiley Eastern Publications
Telecommunication Switching Systems and Networks, Thiagarajan Vishwanathan, PHI Publications.
Introduction: Definitions and concepts of different types of signals; Continuous-time and discrete-time signals; Transformation of independent variable; Exponential and sinusoidal signals; unit impulse and unit step functions.
Systems: Continuous-time and Discrete-time systems and basic system properties.
MATLAB programs.
Linear time invariant (LTI) systems: Introduction; Discrete-time LTI systems, the convolution sum; continuous –time LTI systems; the convolution integral; Properties of LTI systems
MATLAB programs.
Fourier Series: Introduction; response of LTI systems to complex exponentials; Fourier series representations of continuous-time periodic signals; Convergence of the Fourier series; properties.
Fourier series representation of discrete-time periodic signals; propertied of discrete-time Fourier series. MATLAB programs
Continuous-time Fourier Transform: Representation of a periodic signals; Fourier transform of periodic signals and their properties; Convolution property; multiplication property. MATLAB programs.
Discrete-time Fourier transforms: Representation of aperiodic signals; Fourier transform of periodic signals; properties; convolution property; multiplication property.
Introduction to Discrete Fourier Transforms (DFT): Frequency-domain sampling, properties of DFT; Circular convolution and linear convolutions.
The Laplace Transform: Introduction; Laplace Transforms; the region of convergence; Inverse Laplace transforms; Analysis and characterization of LTI systems using the Laplace transforms; Unilateral Laplace transform.
The Z-transform: Introduction; Z-transform; the region of convergence; the Inverse Z-transform; properties of Z-transform; Analysis and characterization of LTI systems using Z-transforms, unilateral Z-transforms. MATLAB programs.
Sampling: Introduction, representation of continuous-time signals by its samples; Sampling theorem, reconstruction of a signal from its samples using interpolation; the effect of undersampling; aliasing, Discrete-time processing of continuous-time signals; Sampling of discrete-time signals; MATLAB exercises.
TEXT BOOKS:
REFERENCES BOOKS:
Register Transfer Language, Bus Transfer (Bus System with multiplexer & 3- state buffers), Memory Transfer (Memory Read & Write), Arithmetic Micro operations (Binary Adder, Incrementer & Composite Arithmetic circuit for all arithmetic micro operations), Logic micro operations (Hardware implementation using flip-flops & Applications i.e. Selective Complement, Clear, Mask, Insert, Compare); Shift Micro operations (Logical, Circular, Arithmetic along with Hardware implementation), Arithmetic logic shift unit, Control functions and its generation.
Instruction codes, Computer Registers, Computer Instruction, (MRI, RRI, IOI), Timing & Control, Instruction Cycle (Fetch, Indirect, Execute and interrupt), Execute cycles for RRI, MRI and IOI, input, output and interrupt, design of basic computer
Micro programmed Control Unit: Micro programmed Control Organisation, Control Memory, Address Sequencing, Conditional Branching, Mapping of Instruction, Microinstruction format, Symbolic Microinstructions, symbolic Micro program, Binary Micro program, Design of Micro programmed control unit, Micro program Sequencer.
For fixed point numbers: Computer Arithmetic: Addition & Subtraction with Signed Magnitude Data (algorithm, hardware implementation & hardware algorithm), Addition & Subtraction with 2’s complement data (algorithm, hardware implementation), Booth’s multiplication Algorithm for signed 2’s complement data (hardware included), hardware implementation & hardware algorithm for multiplication of signed magnitude data, Division Algorithm (hardware implementation for signed magnitude data and hardware algorithm).
Floating Point Number: Definition of Mantissa , Exponent, Normalized mantissa & Biased exponent.
Representation of floating point number in registers.
CPU: General register organisation, control word, stack organisation [Memory, Stack, Push & Pop Instructions, Reverse Polish Notation], Instruction Formats, Addressing Modes, Data Transfer Instructions, Data Manipulations Instructions, Program Control Instructions
Types of Interrupts
8085 Microprocessor pinout and signals, internal structure, Demultiplexing Address/Data bus, Generating Control Signals, Timing Diagrams for Opcode Fetch, Memory Read and Write Signals. Instructions cycle, Machine cycle and T-states for different instructions.
Interfacing Memory to 8085 microprocessor.
Introduction to 8085 instructions & writing in assembly language.
Data transfer instructions; Arithmetic instructions, Logic instructions, Branch instructions, Machine instructions.
Counters & Time delays using 1 register, using register pair & a loop within a loop technique.
Instructions related to stacks & subroutines.
Interrupts [INTR, TRAP, RST (7.5,6.5,5.5), SIM & RIM instructions].
TEXTBOOKS:
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REFERENCE BOOKS:
1. Computer Organisation, Hamacher, Vranesic and Zaky, McGraw Hill.
2. Computer Architecture and Organisation, J. Hayes, McGraw Hill International Edn.
3. Introduction to microprocessor, Aditya Mathur, Tata McGraw hill.
4. Microprocessor and Microcomputer based System Design, Rafiquzzaman, USB, New Delhi.
5. Computer Organization and Architecture, William Stallings.
6. Microprocessors and Microcomputers, B. Ram, Tata McGraw Hill.
Object Oriented Programming: Basic data types: Objects, classes; Declarations and definitions; the main () function; Arithmetic operators; Logical operators; Conditional expressions (if, if-else, switch, operator ?); Loops (while, do..while, for); Comma operator; Arrays (one-dimensional, two-dimensional); Input and output.
Constructors and Destructors: Constructor functions; Dynamic memory allocation; Pointers; the new operator. Argument passing in function calls: Passing by value and reference; the const key word; Copy constructors.
Function and operator overloading: the overload assignment operator.
Inheritance: Code reuse; Constructors and inheritance; Function overloading in derived classes; Pointers and virtual functions; Destructors and virtual destructors.
Stacks and Queues: Structure and implementation; Postfix notation; Circular Queues.
Templates: Definition and use; Template functions.
Sets: Basic operations; Designing the set data structure.
Linked Lists: Single linked lists; Linked stacks and Queues; Doubly linked lists; Circular linked lists.
Trees: Binary trees; Definitions; Tree operations.
Graphs: Definitions; Implementation; Graph Traversals (Depth-first and Breadth-first); Topological sorting (Depth-first and Breadth-first);
Searching: Sequential search; Binary search; Templates for searching algorithms (Sequential search and Binary search).
Sorting: Insertion sort; Selection sort; Merge sort; Quick sort-basics, Implementation in an array.
Tables and Hashing: The table data structures; Hashing- principles, choosing a hash function; collision resolution with open addressing (Linear and quadratic probing) and chaining.
TEXTBOOKS:
Data Structures using C++ by Sartaj Sahni, Tata McGraw Hill.
Introduction to Data Structures and Algorithms with C++ by Glenn W. Rowe, Prentice Hall, India.
REFERENCE BOOKS:
Data Structures using C and C++ by Y. Langsam, M. Augenstein and A.M.Tenenbaum, Prentice Hall, India.
Fundamentals of Data Structures- E. Horowitz, and Sartaj Sahni, Galgotia Publications.
The processor 8086: Architecture, signal descriptions, physical memory organization, operating modules of 8086 and timings. Addressing modes of 8086, instruction set, Assembler Directives.
Assembly language programs for 8086. Special architectural features and related programming: Introduction to stack, Interrupts and interrupt service routines. Interrupt programming, Macros, procedures. Introduction to system software.
Multiprocessing systems: Software aspects of multiprocessor systems.
Numeric processor 8087: architecture, signal description, register set, exception handling, interconnection of 8087 with CPU
I/O processors 8089: Architecture, bus arbitration and control, arbitration schemes.
Multiuser/multitasking Operating System concepts.
Intel 80286 microprocessors: architecture, signals, system connections.
Intel 80386 32- bit microprocessor: architecture, signal description, register organization modes of operation, segmentation, paging, virtual 8086 mode.
MODULE 4
Pentium microprocessor register organization, super scalar architecture, branch prediction floating point unit, memory management.
Pentium Pro microprocessor: Architecture, pipeline.Introduction to Pentium II, III and IV
Comparison of 16 bit Intel processors with other contemporary 16 bit processors
(MC68000, Z800)
TEXTBOOKS:
REFERENCES:
Primary & Secondary Frequency standards, Signal generators: Frequency synthesized signal generators, sweep frequency signal generators,
Electronic Voltmeters (Analog): Chopper stabilized DC(Low frequency) voltmeter, different methods of chopping, true RMS responding voltmeters, current probes Electronic Voltmeter(digital):Non-integrating type: Ramp type, Staircase Ramp, Continuous balance, Successive Approximation
Integrating type: Voltage to frequency, Potentiometer Integrating, Dual Slope integrating
Digital Multimeter: Block Diagram, General specification of a DVM, Sensitivity & Resolution of a DVM, Electronic Voltmeter (High Frequency measurement): Sampling Voltmeter
Oscilloscope: Block diagram, Classification of CRO’s, CRT control circuits, Electrostatic focusing, Delay lines, single trace, multiple trace & multiple beam CRO’s, Time base circuits, Synchronizing circuits, Z-modulation.
CRO probes: Active & Passive probes, Compensation for probes. Screen for CRTs Graticule
Analog storage oscilloscope: Basic storage principle, Bistable Phosphor tube, Variable persistence tube (half tone tube), fast transfer tube
Digital storage oscilloscope, sampling oscilloscope applications of CRO’s: Phase & frequency measurements using triggered sweep method and by using Lissajous patterns, current measurements
Study of front panel controls of a CRO, standard specification of a single beam CRO
Spectrum Analyzer: General Block Diagram, Swept Super heterodyne Spectrum Analyzer, Spectrum Analyzer for higher frequencies, FFT based Spectrum Analyzers, frequency Resolution & Bandwidth, Sweep Desensitization, sensitivity of spectrum Analyzer, Application of spectrum Analyzers
Curve Tracers: Block Diagram
Transducers: Types of transducers, factors to be considered in selecting a transducer.
Displacement Transducer: Basic displacement measurement scheme, different types of displacement transducers: strain gauge, linear variable differential transformer, Capacitive, Inductive, Piezoelectric, Potentiometer, Basic measuring circuit of each of the above mentioned transducers.
Velocity Transducers: Basic principle of measuring velocity, Tachogenerator, Stroboscopic method of measuring rpm (revolutions/minute)
Pressure Transducers: Inductive, resistive and capacitive transducers for measuring pressure.
Temperature Measurement Transducers: Resistance Temperature Detectors, Thermistors, Thermocouples, characteristics, interfacing to electronic circuits.
Flow measurement transducers: Turbomagnetic Flowmeter, Electromagnetic Flowmeter, and Ultrasound Flowmeter.
Digital Transducers: Disc type encoder, Incremental shaft encoder.
Data Acquisition Systems (DAS): Basic block diagram of Data Acquisition System, Analog and digital DAS, Objective of DAS, Signal Conditioning of the inputs, Instrumentation Amplifier, Isolation Amplifier, Multiple channel DAS, Scanners
Programmable Logic Controllers (PLC): Introduction to PlC’s, Uses, Advantages, Block Diagram, Input and Output Modules of a PLC,
Introduction to logic: Conventional Ladder versus PLC ladder logic, AND, OR,NOT,EX-OR logic, Combinational Logic, priority logic.
Programming a programmable controller, IEC1131-3 Programming standard.
PLC Instructions: Basic Relay instructions, Timer and counter instructions, Comparison and Data Handling instructions, Sequencer instructions.
Writing PLC programs using Ladder Logic for simple applications, Interpreting Ladder Diagram.
Virtual Instrumentation: Virtual Instruments, SAMI (Standard Architecture for Measurement for Instrumentation) model i.e. Block Diagram
Automatic Test Systems: Block Diagram, Instruments used in Computer controlled instrumentation.
TEXT BOOKS:
1. Modern Electronic instrumentation & Measurement by Helfrick 7 Cooper, Prentice Hall of India.
2. Electronic Instrumentation by Kalsi, Tata McGraw Hill.
3. Electronic Measurements & Instrumentation by D.Patranabis,
4. Introduction to Programmable Logic Controllers by Gary Dunning, Thomson Learning.
5. Instrumentation Reference Book-Edited by B. E. Nolting, Second Edition, Butterworth Heinemann Publications, ISBN:0 7506 205 60
6. Student’s Reference Manual for Electronic Instrumentation Laboratories by Stanley Wolf & Richard F. M. Smith, Prentice Hall of India.
7. Principle of Measurement and Instrumentation by Alan S. Morris, Prentice Hall of India, 2nd Edition.
Introduction to Thyristor family. Constructional details of SCR. Principle and operation and VI-characteristics, Two-transistor model of SCR. Firing of SCR: R & RC, UJT firing.
Turn off of SCR: Using Class A, B, C, D, E, F commutation circuits
Protection and mounting schemes for SCR. Series and parallel operation of SCR. Triac and its applications. Gate turnoff Thyristor. Line commutated AC to DC converter: Single Phase Half Wave converter. Single Phase Full wave Controlled converter.
DC to DC converter-choppers: Principle of operation. Single Quadrant (type A & B) To Quadrant choppers (type C & D) . Four quadrant choppers (type E)
Control Strategies: PWM, constant pulse width variable frequency. Current limit control. Variable pulse width & frequency.
Single Phase AC Regulators with R & RL load.
DC to AC converter-inverter: Single phase Bridge Inverter. Series & Parallel.
Single phase Inverter. Three Phase Bridge Inverter for 1800 & 1200 mode.
Output voltage control in single-phase inverter: Re4eduction of Harmonics by PWM method. Elimination of Harmonics. Current Source Inverter. Speed Control of DC machines using SCR.
Cyclo-convertors: Principle of operation & Step-up Cyclo converters.
TEXT BOOKS:
An introduction to Thyristor and their applications by S. Rammoorthy.
Thyristorised Power Controllers by G.K. Dubey
Power Electronics by Mohammed Rashid.
REFERENCE BOOKS:
Thyristor by R.K. & K.K. Sugandhi.
Thyristor Engineering by Berde
Basic Antenna concepts: Patterns, beam area, radiation intensity, beam efficiency, directivity, gain, resolution; Aperture (effective, scattering, loss, collecting and physical), aperture efficiency, effective height, maximum effective aperture of a short dipole and a linear half-wave antenna, effective aperture and directivity, Friss transmission formula, wave polarization. Point Sources: Power patterns, power theorem, radiation intensity, different power patterns (hemispherical, unidirectional and bi-directional cosine, sine, sine-squared unidirectional (cosine) 2 and ((cosine) n), directivity, gain field and phase-patterns, Effect of earth on field patterns.
The short dipole: Field components, radiation resistances, Thin linear center-fed antenna: Field components, quarter-wave monopole, half-wave dipole and full-wave antenna; field at any distance, radiation resistance of half-wave antenna, antennas with a uniform traveling wave.
Arrays of point sources: Isotropic point sources of: (i) same amplitude and phase (ii) same amplitude but opposite phase (iii) same amplitude and in phase quadrature (iv) equal amplitude and any phase (v) unequal amplitude and any phase; pattern multiplication, Linear array: Point sources of equal amplitude and spacing. Broad-side array, End-fire array, End-fire array with increased directivity, scanning arrays; null directions and directions of maxima.
Loop antenna: field of a small loop, field pattern of circular and square loop, ferrite-rod antenna.
Helical Antenna: Geometry, transmission and radiation modes, design of monofilar axial mode type, Wide-band characteristics, tapered monofilar axial mode type.
Construction, characteristics and construction of: Slot antennas, slotted-cylindrical antenna, Aperture antennas, Horn antennas (rectangular and circular), Reflector antennas (Corner, paraboloidal, cylindrical parabolic), Cassegrain feed, Lens antennas, dielectric rod antennas; Yagi-Uda array, V- and Rhombic-antenna, Turnstile antennas; Baluns and traps. Antenna Measurements: Far-field pattern, phase, directivity, gain, terminal impedance, current distribution, polarisation; System temperature and signal-to-noise ratio.
Broad-band and Frequency-independent Antennas: Planar spiral, conical-spiral, log-periodic antenna and array.
Ground-wave propagation: Plane-earth reflection, space wave, surface wave, Elevated dipoles above plane earth, Line-of sight propagation, wave tilt of the surface wave, spherical-earth propagation, Tropospheric waves, Abnormal refraction and reflection, Duet propagation, Tropospheric scattering, Fading and diversity reception.
Ionospheric Propagation: Layers, permittivity and conductivity, collision and plasma frequency, reflection and refraction, refractive index, electron density, determination of critical frequency and virtual height, Maximum usable frequency, skip distance, optimum frequency, regular and irregular variations, Sky-wave transmission, effect of Earth’s magnetic field, whistlers, incoherent scatter, VLF propagation.
REFERENCE BOOKS:
1. Electromagnetic Waves and Radiating Systems by E.C.Jordan & K.G.Balmain, Prentice Hall of India
2. Antennas by Kraus, Mc Graw Hill Book Co.
3. Electronic & Radio Engineering by F.E.Terman, Mc Graw Hill Book Co.
4. Antenna & Wave Propagation by K.D. Prasad, Satyanarayan Publications
5. Antenna Theory: Analysis & Design by Constatine A. Balanis, John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
ETC 6.6: DIGITAL SIGNAL PROCESSING
MODULE I
Discrete-Time signal and its application to LTI systemZ-Transforms[Z,T]
Introduction, definition of Z-Transform, properties,
Region of convergence, evaluation of inverse ZT, rational ZT
MODULE 2
Efficient computation of DFT: Fast Fourier transform [F.F.T]Realisation of Discrete Time System
introduction, Basic Realisation block
diagram and the signal flow graph, Basic structures of IIR filter: Direct,
canonical, cascade and parallel realizations.
MODULE 3
Design of Digital Filters: General considerations: causality and its implications, characteristics of practical frequency selective filters.Design of FIR filters: Symmetric FIR Filters, design of linear phase-FIR filters using windows, frequency sampling method.
Design of IIR filter: IIR filter design by impulse invariance, bilinear transformation, Butter worth filter, Chebyshev filters and Elliptic filters. Frequency selective filters: Ideal filter characteristics, low pass, high pass and bandpass filters, Notch filters, Comb filters.
MODULE 4
7. Multirate Digital Signal Processing : Introduction, Decimation by factor D, Interpolation by factor I, sampling, sampling rate conversion by rational factor I/D, Application of Multirate signal processing, Design of Phase shifters, interfacing of digital systems with different sampling rates, Subband coding of speech signals, over sampling A/D and D/A conversion.
8. Application of DSP: Voice processing, introduction to wavelet transforms. Definition of an image, Image representation, introduction to 2-D Fourier Transform.
TEXT BOOKS:
REFERENCE BOOKS:
MODULE I
--Peripheral devices, input output interface, asynchronous data transfer, modes of transfer, priority interrupt, DMA, input output processor, serial communication.
--Types of interfacing devices, address decoding for input/output, I/O ports, interfacing I/O ports [Steps in interfacing I/O devices, methods of interfacing I/O devices].
--Block diagram, control logic, interfacing 8155 I/O ports, 8155 timer, 8155 ports in handshake mode.
--Block diagram, modes of operation, interfacing 8255.
--Block diagram, architecture and signal description, command, words, operating modes of 8259A, interfacing & programming of 8259A.
Architecture and signal description, operating modes, command instruction format, interfacing & programming 8251 with 8086.
--Architecture & signal description, modes of operation, command words, interfacing & programming 8279.
--Architecture & signal description, modes of 8253, Control word, programming & interfacing.
--Internal Architecture, Signal description, DMA operations with 8237, 8237 commands, programming & interfacing 8237 with 8086.
MODULE IV
--Internal Architecture, Signal description, Functional details.
8275 - CRT Controller
--Internal Architecture, Signal description, Display formats & operational features.
--Interfacing A/D Data converters, ADC 7109, interfacing 7109 with 8086 through 8255, DAC 0800, interfacing DAC 0800 with 8086.
--Temperature monitoring & control system, speed control of D.C. motors, firing of thyristor.
IEEE 488 (GPIB) & RS - 232C
Textbooks:
Reference books:
7.2 MICROWAVE & RADAR ENGINEERING
Fundamentals of microwave amplifiers & oscillators: Beam coupling, power transfer from alternating gap field to density modulated beam, beam loading, noise, microwave oscillators, analysis of two terminal oscillator circuits, build-up and limitation of amplitude of oscillation, admittance diagram for two terminal oscillator, admittance diagram for four terminal oscillators.
Klystron: Bunching by velocity modulation, velocity diagram (Applegate diagram), small signal theory of bunching two terminal klystrons.
Reflex Klystron: Structure, velocity diagram, bunching in Reflex Klystron, power delivered to the resonator, effect of the repeller voltage upon power delivered to the resonator, electronic admittance.
Traveling Wave Magnetron: Structure, modes of oscillation, mode separation by strapping.
Traveling Wave Tube: Construction and operation, slow wave circuits, backward wave oscillator.
Measurements: Calorimeter wattmeters, bolometers, bolometer bridges & mounts, thermocouples and crystals, measurement of standing waves, impedance measurement, measurement of frequency & wavelength, microwave bridges, measurement of Q (by transmission, VSWR measurement, decrement measurement), measurement of noise factor.
Microwave semiconductor devices: Microwave FET’s, Tunnel diode, Gunn diode, Avalanche transit time devices: IMPATT & TRAPATT.
RADAR: Principle of operation of radar, maximum unambiguous range, radar range equation, Radar block diagram, radar frequencies, applications of radar, accuracy & resolution of radar, radar horizon, apparent range.
Receiver noise, signal to noise ratio, Probability of Detection & False Alarm, Integration of Radar Pulses.
Radar Cross Section: Radar Cross Section of Targets, Radar Cross section fluctuations, Swerling Target model
Transmitter power, pulse repetition frequency, system losses
Doppler frequency shift, Continuous wave Radar, FM-CW Radar
Clutter: Sea clutter, Weather clutter, other sources of atmospheric echoes
MTI Radar: Principle of operation, block diagram, single & double delay line cancellers, clutter attenuation, blind speeds, staggered PRF’s, limitations to MTI performance, non-coherent MTI, MTI from a moving platform.
Radar displays: Plan Position Indicator (PPI)
Antenna for radars: Electronically Steered Phase Array Antenna, advantages of Phased Array Antenna, limitations
TRACKING RADAR: Different methods of tracking, Sequential lobing, Conical Scanning, amplitude & phase comparison Monopulse Radar, limitations to tracking accuracy, low angle tracking, frequency agility
Tracking in Range: Split Gate Tracker, Precision on-axis tracking, track while scan, automatic tracking with surveillance radar
Radar signal Management, pulse compression, FM pulse compression radar, CHIRP, phase coding.
Radomes: Rigid radomes, air supported radomes, weather effects on radomes, radome wall construction, metallic radomes, rotodomes.
Secondary Surveillance Radar (SSR): Principle of operation, problems with SSR.
Principle of operation of the following radar :Over the horizon radar, surface wave radar, Sky wave radar, Synthetic Aperture Radar (SAR), ground probing radar, carrier free radar, battlefield radar, concept of bistatic & multistatic radar.
Textbooks:
1) Microwave Principles by H.J.Reich, J.G.Skolnik, P.F.Ordung, H.L.Krauss -
Affiliated East West Press Ltd.