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Student: Kirloskar Sushant Sumant, N R Kedar, Pai Mohit Balkrishna Project guide – Mr. Shailesh Khanolkar
Ever since the advent of the wireless communication, it has undergone changes quite intermittently. These changes were instrumental in improving the qualitative as well as the quantitative characteristics of the communication system. One such innovation in the area of wireless transmission is the use of multiple transmitters and multiple receivers in the communication system. This is known as the MIMO or Multiple Input Multiple Output communication systems. The project covers variety of fields like signal processing, mathematical analysis and finally implementation of the same on a DSP processor.
Single Input Single output known as (SISO), was the earliest form of communication .It incorporated a single antenna at the transmitting end and just a single antenna at the receiving end. SISO had various drawbacks. It suffered from high interference from noise and multipath fading. Thus its error rate increased and performance of the system decreased. Multiple Input Multiple Output Systems were introduced in order to overcome these effects.
As shown abve MIMO has multiple antennas at both the transmitting as well as the receiving end.There can be various modifications made to the above MIMO system such as: Multiple Input Single output(MISO),or Single Input Multiple Output (SIMO).MIMO results in increased throughput, higher data rates, greater efficiency and higher signal to noise ratio. In the MIMO system we are using the Alamouti Encoding scheme. The Alamouti Encoding Scheme has two transmitters and can have any number of receivers. Then we shall be using the Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing(OFDM) techinique to implement MIMO. OFDM is a multicarrier transmission technique, which divides the available spectrum into many carriers. Each carrier is modulated by a low rate data stream. The carriers are placed orthogonal to one another thus preventing interference among closely spaced carriers. So OFDM is better as compared to FDMA since in FDMA, 50% of the total available spectrum is wasted due to the insertion of guard bands. We implemented the Single Input Single Output System in MATLAB. The result obtained is as shown below.The gragh is a plot of SNR (Signal to Noise Ratio) v/s the BER (Bit Error rate).
The implementation of single input single output SISO system complies with the expected theoretical output. The basic Alamouti Scheme of a single receiver was implemented and the results deviated a bit from the expected output. Work for the improvement of this result is now being pursued.
2. Project Title : PREPAID ENERGY METER WITH TARIFF INDICATOR Students: Steffie Antao, Jonathan Pereira,Susana Quadros, Ashish Pednekar, Lourdes Soares Project guide – Mr. Laxmikant Dashrath Bordekar
INTRODUCTION: Now-a-days there is great need for the conservation of energy. In 25 years from now we will see that the world’s consumption of electricity will almost triple, moreover due to lack of planning of energy consumption and energy wastage due to over usage which will lead to disastrous consequences. The world is in dire need of a solution to this problem. The objective of our project is: To understand, analyse, design and develop a pre-paid energy meter which provides both the suppliers and the consumers with better services regarding meter billing and payment. Differing from the conventional post paid system; this is a boon for middle class people, who can reduce the consumption of energy by having certain limit. The pay system is similar to the prepaid cellular connection given by several providers. The pre-paid energy meter is a microcontroller based application. This unit will accept the number of units recharged by the concerned department person, count the number of units consumed by the customer and as soon as the customer exceeds the recharged amount, it will disconnect the power supply to the customer until the next recharge. This project has 2 parts to it: The Consumer Unit (Prepay device) which will be installed at the Consumer’s premises and The Authority Unit (EEPROM) at the recharge agent’s office.
The Prepaid Energy Meter, has the potential to change the future of the energy billing system .It could help the energy distribution companies to reduce costs and increase profits, improve billing accuracy and efficiency, and contribute importantly to the energy conservation.
Save Electricity or Get Used to the Darkness!!
3. Project Title: GUIDED POWER-ASSIST ARM USING MICROCONTROLLERS
Student: Pratik K. Powar, Darren Rodrigues, Hillary Gomes, Anup D. Shenai Project guide – Mr. Laxmikant Dashrath Bordekar Watch video at: http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=IMqArrIOsj4 Intro Our project is aimed in assisting human actions and movements, and makes it as friendly and easy to use as if it was your own arm with the added capabilities in terms of force and ease in performing tough tasks. We have developed a number of prototypes which are aimed to form basis of developing highly advanced exosuit design , which will be great boon to economies of countries and countless other fields and above all serve humans and making their lives more easier. ARM CONTROL SYSTEM
· The hand movements and actions will be sensed by the sensor circuitry · The sensor circuit will inform the microcontroller by applying an input voltage (0 V) on the microcontroller pins accordingly · The microcontroller will service the change in sensor input by producing appropriate output logic on its port pins which is connected to the motor driver. · The motor driver under the control of the microcontroller will decide the direction of flow of power (current) which will power the motor and make it run in a direction according to the output generated by the microcontroller. · Thus, the exoskeleton arm will sense the movement of the operator’s arm inside it and follow it accordingly.
4. Project Title: Home Automation Using X10 Protocol Students: Clifford Rodrigues, Rohit Naik, Adlino Afonso , Shruti Maheshwari, Karishma D’costa Project guide – Mr. Laxmikant Dashrath Bordekar
X10 is an application of power line communication, in which the data is sent via 230V ac 50 Hz line. The data that we send is a burst of 1msec duration, of 120 KHz frequency pulses. Now, this burst of 1msec is modulated over ac line, at every zero crossings of ac and the data is transmitted. At the receiver, the ac is filtered out and only the data is used for further processing (to switch on or off device).
In the above fig. the pulses that appear were sent on 6 V ac therefore appearing larger but for 230 V ac these pulses will be small bursts The receiver is synchronized at every zero crossings of ac. It receives and detects the different codes, and turns the particular device on or off based on the command (code) sent by the transmitter. To see video of our project prototype go to: www.youtube.com/watch?v=1YpAr_hvdAk
5. Project Title: Sonar Sub Bottom Trace Analysis for Seafloor and Substrate Classification Student: Deanna D’Costa, Namrata Desai, Valenie Lourenco, Richa Lobo, Myrtle Baracho Project guide – Mrs. Jayalaxmi Devate External guide – Mr. Govind Ranade, NIO, Dona Paula, Goa
SONAR (SOund Navigation And Ranging) is a technique employed in underwater navigation and in surveying. Sonar is a term that refers to a group of instruments and methodologies that are used to measure the depth and the features of the seafloor. In the shallow water regions, where the depths of the ocean are not too deep, a method of High Resolution Seismic profiling is used extensively. This method has specific applications in detecting presence of Gas charge sediments and also provides detailed information on the stratification of the sediment deposition, which is dependent on the evolution process of seafloor build-up. This tool therefore supports both, basic research and the industrial research. The data collected also facilitates strategic planning for laying of underwater cables and pipe lines. There are two types of such systems in use. One is a High Resolution Sparker system and the other is a Chirp (frequency swept sonar) sub-bottom profiler. While collecting the seismic data for sub-strata studies (in acoustic form), it was noticed that the form of the returned acoustic energy from the seafloor is highly dependent on the type of sea bottom and the sub-strata sediment structure. Attempts have been made to classify the seabed by developing an understanding of this phenomenon of dependency of the returned acoustic signal on the type of sedimentation (clay, silt, sand, rocky bottom OR mix of any of these forms). During the course of the project an attempt will be made to understand nature of the received echo amplitude signal and to apply statistical methods to develop an algorithm to classify the seafloor and the sub-strata. The echo signal from seafloor and the layers beneath the sea floor are generated due to reflection of the signals due to density difference of different layers. Each returned echo signal from seafloor and the layers beneath, in comparison to the transmitted signal will therefore generate a series of reflection coefficient data. We plan to digitize the reflected echo amplitude using a PCMCI based A/D add on card, by writing an appropriate software routine to acquire the amplitude data for each transmitted signal and compare the same with transmit signal to arrive at reflection coefficients at different layers. The reflection values provide valuable information about the type of the material and standard values for different materials have already been identified. By comparing our data with these standards, process of seafloor and sub-seafloor classification will be established during this project. Also by using FFT function on the received echo envelope an attempt will be made to develop power spectra of different types of echo signals.
HARDWARE: 1. PCI-1711 12-bit Low-cost Multifunction DAS card 2. PCLD 8710 Screw Terminal Board. 3. PCL 10168 shielded one meter cable.
Hardware connections
SOFTWARE: 1. WaveScan 2.0 2. LabView 7.0
6. Project Title: CANCER CLASSIFICATION USING ARTIFICIAL NEURAL NETWORK Student: Sidhi Salkar, Priyanka Salkar, Nikita Dhavaskar, Pratiksha Naik Project guide – Mrs. Supriya A. Patil CANCER: Is basically the name for diseases in which the body's cells become abnormal and divide without control. Cancer cells may invade nearby tissues. And they may spread through the bloodstream and lymphatic system to other parts of the body. It’s possible to classify cancer for doctors but its not possible to sub classify. So its important that there should be some method which will help doctors to know under which sub classification that cancer comes. So the aim of our project is to sub classify the cancer. MICROARRAY: Thousands of spots are arranged in the form of rows and columns. Each spot representing one gene having unique strands of DNA. In this DNA MICROARRAY tissues of healthy cell as well as cancerous cell are put. Then using different methods they are processed and are put on scanners. This scanner will show the image with different intensities of red, green and yellow. Green spot represents the normal gene, red means abnormal and yellow means normal as well as abnormal. So depending upon the intensities database is created. DATABASE: The rows of database contains various genes and the columns representing sub classification of cancer PCA: Stands for Principal Component Analysis Basically this PCA is a compressor which takes the significant features from the data giving the reduced dimensionality without losing the significant information from the data. As the memory of matlab is limited its not possible to give the data as in database. So we preprocess the data with the help of PCA and then we use . ARTIFICIAL NEURAL NETWORK: After pre-processing the data we give that in artificial neural network. Steps involved : 1st create neural network 2nd train the created network 3rd testing
7. Project Title: QUAD ROTOR HELICOPTER WITH WIRELESS CAM Student: Sneha Gaonka, Ancia Gomes Project guide – Mr. Shailesh Khanolkar Accessing hidden areas using satellites pose problems. To overcome this limitation and for the purpose of effective tracking and monitoring we are building a quad rotor helicopter with a wireless cam mounted on it. Our design consists of 3 control units - Flying Robot Control Unit, Wireless control Unit, PC Control unit. Communication among the units is achieved using RF (VHF).The chip that we are using is the application specific integrated circuit (ASIC) i.e ASIC 3305 for the purpose of modulation and demodulation. Control of this device is simple and easy. It can used to monitor buildings, offices and classrooms.
8. Project Title: Iris Recognition Using DSP Student: GhanshyamGawas, PavanHarmalkar, Shikhamishra Project guide –Mr. Shailesh Khanolkar
The iris recognition technology is an emerging biometric identification technology. It is the use of texture features of iris to personal identification. Compared with other biometric identification (fingerprint recognition, facial recognition, etc), the iris recognition technology has high stability, high reliability and non-contact advantages. The iris recognition system is mainly divided into 3 parts: image preprocessing, feature extraction, and template matching.
Image Preprocessing The iris image needs to be preprocessed to obtain useful iris region. The main program running on DSP completes the entire iris image processing algorithm. The preprocessing block prepares the image in order to reduce computational cost and functionalities of the following block. Some typical processes of this block are finding iris boundaries, equalizing the image, changing its size to normalize it and taking out the noise of low band frequency. To find the boundaries different techniques are used, such those based on the maximum of the circular variation of the luminance or based on the Hough transform. Image preprocessing is divided into three steps: 1. Iris localization, 2. Iris normalization and 3. Image enhance
Fig– a) an eye image (020_2_1 from the CASIA database) b) corresponding edge map c) edge map with only horizontal gradients d) edge map with only vertical gradients Iris Localization Iris location is the most crucial step, so locating the iris accurately or not directly affects the following characteristic as well as the recognition rate, and can seriously cause the recognition algorithm invalid. Iris location aims at locating the inner boundary (pupil) and outer one (sclera) of the iris, providing valid areas for iris feature extraction, which could directly influence the effect of iris recognition. Three variables needed to fully locate the Iris-Centre coordinates, Iris radius, Pupil radius
For Inner boundary localization, we use Canny Edge algorithm followed by Circular Hough transform.
Original Image Binary Image Pupil located Image Fig:- Inner boundary localization
Since the boundary between the iris and the sclera is not very sharp, the same circle detection algorithm used for inner boundary detection cannot be used. Since the iris and the pupil are almost concentric circles, we assume that the center of the iris and that of the pupil is same. With this assumption, the only parameter left to found is the iris radius. We propose a different iris detection algorithm. Here we choose a suitable point in the iris relative to the pupil center. Then we start scanning towards left from this point. Find the difference between adjacent pixel group intensity. The point of largest difference will be the boundary of the Iris. The offset between the detected point on Iris boundary and the center of the pupil gives the radius of the Iris Normalization Once the image is preprocessed, the next stage is to transform the iris region so that it has fixed dimensions in order to allow comparisons. The dimensional inconsistencies between eye images are mainly due to the stretching of the iris caused by pupil dilation from varying levels of illumination. Other sources of inconsistency include, varying imaging distance, rotation of the camera, head tilt, and rotation of the eye within the eye socket. The normalization process will produce iris regions, which have the same constant dimensions, so that two photographs of the same iris under different conditions will have characteristic features at the same spatial location. For normalization of iris regions a technique based on Daugman’s rubber sheet model is employed.
Image Enhancement The normalized iris image has low contrast and non uniform illumination caused by the position of the light source. Local histogram analysis is applied to the normalized iris image to reduce the effect of the non uniform illumination and obtain a well-distributed texture image. Histogram equalization is one of the method used for image enhancement.
Feature Extraction block The problem of performing a biometric identification can be reduced to a mathematical problem. The main aim is to reduce the image into a vector that represents univocally the user, so that obtain the unique features contained in the image. Once this set of features is extracted, then the following block will do the matching. The feature extraction block is in charge of performing the task of getting such a vector. Different approaches can be used for the feature extraction. Most of the algorithms used for the feature extraction block are based on the Gabor Transform applied on sectors of the iris. Other methods are based on the used of wavelet transform
Fig:- A feature extracted Iris Template
Matching This block should be the most robust part of the algorithm. Here the comparison between the previous stored vector (user’s template), and the feature vector obtained from the sample is performed. This can be faced as a pattern recognition problem. We can use metrics, based on mathematical distances, such Euclidean, Hamming or Zero-crossing. The use of one matching algorithm or another depends on the previously feature extraction block used.
Fig :- Illustration of Hamming Distance Process
9. Project Title: AUTOMATIC FLOOR CLEANING ROBOT Student: Nandesh Gawandalkar, Mohnish Gaonkar, Vrushank Patankar, Prachi Gaonkar, Sneha Halgekar Project guide – Mr. Edmond Fernandes
INTORDUCTION: Automatic floor cleaner is a robotic device which cleans and mops the floor without much human efforts. The project will do vacuum cleaning and mopping simultaneously. HARDWARE DETAILS: � It’s a three wheeled body powered by two geared motors at the rear end. The front free moving wheel is just for support. The rectangular area will accommodate battery and circuit on top. � The sopper, drying pad, DC motor will be attached beneath the rectangular plate. The vacuum cleaner is attached at the front. � It is provided with roller at the rear end which will mop the floor on continuous supply of water. � Vacuum cleaner is placed at the front for absorbing the dust. � A drying pad will be attached behind the roller. This will help to remove water spilled after cleaning. PROPOSED MODEL:
SOFTWARE AND SENSORS: · Microcontroller from 8051 family is used. · The microcontroller is used to program the movement of the motors according to the inputs from sensors. · Programming is under process using compilers like KEIL and UMPS. · IC L293D is used for driving the motors.
· Ultrasonic sensor detects objects by emitting a short ultrasonic burst and then “listening” for the echo. · Under the control of a host microcontroller (trigger pulse), the sensor emits a short 40 kHz (ultrasonic) burst. This burst travels through the air at about 1130 feet per second, hits an object, and then bounces back to the sensor. · The basic idea is to send infra red light through IR-LEDs, which is then reflected by any object in front of the sensor. This is an electrical property of Light Emitting Diodes (LEDs) which is the fact that a led produces a voltage difference across its leads when it is subjected to light.
APPLICATIONS · The project is mainly for domestic purpose. · It will reduce the time required for household floor cleaning. · As it does not require much human supervision, it is best option for today’s busy lifestyle.
10. Project Title: HEAD AND EYE CONTROLLED KEYBOARD AND MOUSE Student : Farzeen Lakhani, Snehal Bandekar, Vanessa Braganza Project guide – Ms. Sharlaine Nicole Monteiro It is a head-controlled keyboard and mouse input device for disabled users. The system uses accelerometers to detect the user's head tilt in order to direct mouse movement on the monitor. The clicking of the mouse is activated by the user's eye blinking through a reflective sensor. The keyboard function is implemented by allowing the user to scroll through letters with head tilt and with eye blinking as the selection mechanism. Overall Concept We construct an interface system that would allow a paralyzed user to interact with a computer with almost full functional capability. That is, the system operates as a mouse initially, but the user has the ability to toggle in and out of a keyboard mode allowing the entry of text. This is achieved by using the control from a single eye, tracking the position of the pupil for direction, and using blinking as an input. BLOCK DIAGRAM 1) At transmitter
2) At receiver
We use an accelerometer to detect the head movement and a photo sensor to detect eye blinking. Both sensors' outputs are connected to an A/D converter on the microcontroller. Processed digital information is transmitted remotely using wireless protocol. On the other hand, a wireless receiver collects all the correct information through id filtering and then sends signals to a ground microcontroller through USART. After the signals are interpreted by the ground microcontroller, mouse or keyboard instructions are sent to the computer via PS/2-to-USB cable.
11. Project Title: GSM BASED ROBOT FOR TEMPERATURE AND HUMIDITY MEASUREMENT Student: Jaya Yadav, Mahi Itagi, Swati Rana, Neale Fernandes, Raghavendra Nayak
Project guide – Mrs. Rupali Pawar
In most industries high temperature and humidity values may prove to be very harmful. Hence this project deals with sending a feedback/alarm in form of SMS to ensure about the safe industrial environment. Here a dedicated mobile phone is used at the transmitting module (i.e. the robot). It is interfaced with the microcontroller via FBUS TX and RX pins. There is also a Temperature and humidity sensor (SHT75) interfaced with the microcontroller. A predetermined threshold value (Vt) is compared (by the MC) with the sensed value ( Vs) at various checkpoints (marked by strip on the black line followed by the robot) and an SMS is sent to a remote mobile phone to raise an alarm if Vs is greater than Vt.
Students: Neha Dangui, Shambhavi Bhandare, Joyner Fernandes, Nikita Prabhu Project guide –Mrs. Sneha Mhalsekar Introduction A hexapod robot is a mechanical vehicle that walks on six legs. It’s a mimic of biological multi legged insects. Why a hexapod Since a robot can be statically stable on three or more legs, a hexapod robot has a great deal of flexibility in how it can move. If legs become disabled, the robot may still be able to walk. Furthermore, not all of the robot's legs are needed for stability; other legs are free to reach new foot placements or manipulate a payload Over the wheeled robot which suffer from stability issues while on uneven terrains Hexapod with its spike legs can walk on such surfaces with more stability. Aided with sensors these robots sever several applications.
Application Imitation of behavior of biological organisms and studying motion control Using servo motors Studying obstacle avoidance Designing of a boot loader for a processor With the advancements in the nanotechnology These robots when minimized actually appear as insects and prove of great use for security purpose. Even for human prohibited areas they will be of great use.
15. Project Title: SOLDERING TECHNOLOGY & PCB DESIGNING USING CAD TOOL Students: Damodar Bhat, Bhushan Rasam, Sarvesh Dhond, Sevren Vaz
We are doing project in Tata Consultancy Services (TCS) under the guidance of Mr. Peter Gracias and Mr. Manish Kanvinde
Our internal guide is Dr. K.R.Pai (HOD of ETC department)
Objectives of our project: 1. To learn various types of soldering technology such as manual soldering, wave soldering, reflow soldering and their application For example reflow soldering technology is widely used in Surface Mount Technology (SMT) Process 2. To learn types of Printed Circuit Board(PCB) assembly process such as Through-Hole Technology(THT) and Surface Mount Technology(SMT) and their application 3. Designing a circuit which we will implement on PCB with the help of CAD tool.CAD tool we are using in this project is Allegro Cadence tool. This tool helps in executing layout and routing process. 4. Implementing designed circuit on PCB using SMT & THT technology 5. Testing the designed circuit using various testing methods such as Bed of nails tester, Automated optical inspection (AOI),Burn-in test, manual inspection
17. Project Title: CELL PHONE BASED HOME AUTOMATION
Student: Priyanka S. Naik, Darshata G. Naik, Ashika R.PednekaR, Mohini N. Naik
Project guide – Mr. Niyan Marchon
Our project is based on home automation which includes controlling of household appliances, to provide improved convenience, comfort and security. Home automation is based on usage of Bluetooth to control appliances when in close proximity and to use sms service when a person is far away from appliances where Bluetooth fails to work.
THE BLOCK DIAGRAM
The user cell phone will be able to control the devices remotely. It is through this phone that the user will be able to turn on/off appliances using Bluetooth or sms. One can also request the status of the devices and will hence get the status showing if the appliances are on or off. Through the circuit cell phone appliances can be controlled via sms. AT89c51 is used which will be placed in the circuit and will be interfaced with a Bluetooth module.
THE BLUETOOTH MODULE
Student: Sunaina A. V., Reshmi Chapolekar, Shradha Tendulkar Project guide – Mrs. Avita Lotlikar The sheer urge to automate tedious and monotonous field job has lead to the very development in the area of robotics. To mimic the human like operation is the core objective of any robot. Robotics is an “applied science” which can incorporate high-technology, electronics, mechanics, pneumatics, remote actuation and, of course, the technology of creating, designing, building, ‘manufacturing’ and applying robots and robotic systems. To effectively conceive and then implement robotic designs calls for more than a working knowledge of many separate ‘sciences’, including electronics, mechanics, servo-mechanisms, computers, programming and a logical, ordered mind, even when brainstorming. Agricultural Robotics is the logical proliferation of automation technology into bio-systems such as agriculture, forestry, fisheries, etc. Robots have the advantage of being small, light weight and autonomous. Because of their size they can collect data in close proximity to the crop and soil. The agricultural industry is behind other industries in using robots because the sort of jobs involved in agriculture is not straightforward, and many repetitive tasks are not exactly the same every time. Hence we decided to try and help the farming community and this is a small effort in that direction. The main purpose of the vehicle is to eliminate the need of manpower. Just as the growth of Personal computer, Mobile phones and Automobiles took place in last 3 decades, the personal robotics industry still in its nascent stage, is heading in the same direction. Even though the use of robots has been advanced in many industries, it is lagging behind in the field of agriculture. The reason being that the sort of jobs involved in agriculture is not straight forward , and many repetitive tasks are not exactly the same every time. The main objective of our project is to design a microcontroller based remote controlled vehicle that will help to till the ground, sow the seeds and spray fertilizers or water onto the soil.
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